Method for controlling the phase of optical carriers in millimeter wave imaging systems using optical upconversion

ABSTRACT

A system and method for locking the relative phase of multiple coherent optical signals, which compensates for optical phase changes induced by vibration or thermal changes in the environment.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of priority of U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application No. 61/172,985, filed on Apr. 27, 2009, the entirecontents of which are incorporated herein by reference in theirentirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention generally relates to a distributed aperture imaging systemusing optical up-conversion, which includes a system and method of phaselocking a plurality of optical sources.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In recent years, interest has grown in the use of millimeter-waves forimaging applications. Millimeter-waves are electromagnetic radiationcharacterized by wavelengths in the range of from 1 to 10 millimetersand having corresponding frequencies in the range of 300 GHz to 30 GHz.Millimeter-waves have the capability of passing through some types ofobjects which would stop or significantly attenuate the transmission ofelectromagnetic radiation of other wavelengths and frequencies. Forexample, millimeter-waves pass through clothing with only moderateattenuation, are capable of penetrating slight depths of soil, and arenot obscured or adversely influenced by fog, cloud cover and some othertypes of visually-obscuring meteorological conditions.

Dielectric materials such as plastics, ceramics, and organic materialswill cause some reflection of the waves, and some transmission, so theywill be seen as partially transparent. Millimeter-waves arenon-ionizing, and effective imaging systems can be operated at extremelylow power levels. The IEEE standard for power density levels in thisfrequency range is less than 10 mW/cm².

Generally, a millimeter-wave imaging system includes a lens orequivalent focusing element used to focus radiation from the field ofview onto a two-dimensional array of imaging elements disposed in theimage plane of the lens. Each array element provides a continuouselectrical signal responsive to the radiation incident thereon. Theoutput signals of the detectors illustratively are used to drive a videodisplay unit wherein each picture clement (pixel) of the displayed imagerepresents radiation from the portion of the image incident on a givendetector. That is, the image formed by the lens on the detector array isconverted to signal outputs from individual detectors, which are mappedone-to-one to corresponding pixels of a video display.

Millimeter-waves travel, or propagate, through space and thus, aregenerally directed or guided by an antenna. The antenna containscomponents such as millimeter-wave stripline circuitry. A receivingantenna receives millimeter-wave radiation and directs the radiation toappropriate instruments for further processing. The transmitting antennaworks in reverse fashion.

Various millimeter-wave imaging systems have been studied and developedin industry. In the research article “Phase calibration of arrays atoptical and millimeter-wavelengths,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 13, 1593-1600(1996), by M. Blanchard, A. H. Greenaway, R. N. Anderton, and R.Appleby, the authors designed aperture experiments with the use ofoptical and millimeter-wavelengths to synthesize quality images with anarray of antennas. They noted that phase calibration of arrays isimportant to produce images of consistently good quality. Therefore,their approach to phase calibration was that of redundant spacingscalibration (RSC), which can be applied at any electromagneticwavelength. However, their experimental technique has proven difficultand expensive to implement.

In particular, millimeter-wave frequencies, in the form of electronicsignals, are generally transmitted in rigid waveguide or striplinestructures, which may be difficult to handle, costly, bulky, and heavy.Also, frequency conversion of modulation signals to and from amillimeter-wave carrier is generally done in several discrete stages,due to the bandwidth limitations of electronic mixers. This complicatesthe construction of a millimeter-wave transmitter or receiver. Further,it is generally impractical to transmit millimeter-wave signals for longdistances on metallic waveguides.

Consequently, in some conventional systems, up-conversion may beperformed in close proximity to the radiating aperture, and alower-frequency intermediate frequency (IF) may often be transported oncoaxial cables to and from the antenna site. As a result, a stablemultiplier chain would generally be located in close proximity to theantenna aperture and supplied with a stable frequency reference. Thus,although there are many advantages of using millimeter-wave frequencies,this type of system architecture may be fundamentally incompatible withthe harsh environments that antennas often endure.

Research studies have also reported on the technique of opticalup-conversion in imaging systems. In up-conversion, an object underinvestigation may be illuminated with , radiation at a first frequency,and the image beam carrying the image information may be converted to ahigher frequency at which it is more amenable to detection andprocessing.

Another technique, in an attempt to resolve problems with imagingsystem, is the use of a millimeter-wave analog of an infrared (IR) focalplane array (FPA) or scanned staring systems. However, such systemsrequire a volumetric increase in imager size and, subsequently, weightto improve imager resolution. However, the FPA approach may use verylong, e.g., minutes, integration times. Further, the millimeter-wave FPAapproach may not provide an economically viable solution formillimeter-wave imaging. Thus, such systems are largely impractical formany applications.

Distributed aperture approaches which synthetically reproduce image datafrom an array of detectors are currently under development formillimeter-wave sounding applications. Image reconstruction fordistributed imaging methodologies requires the capture of both magnitudeand phase of millimeter-wave field at each element of the array.Additionally, captured field information must be post-processed withlarge correlation engines to recover the original scene. Currentdistributed aperture images systems utilize distributed localoscillators (LO) and mixers to down-convert the captured field data tolow intermediate frequency where it is digitally recorded. Subsequent,cross-correlators are required to regenerate the image data.

Therefore, in light of the above system requirements, it would bedesirable develop a millimeter-wave imaging system with the use ofoptical up-conversion of the millimeter-wave signals, which does notrequire expensive correlators and time consuming post-processing, andenables the use of lightweight, low loss optical fibers to routesignals.

Further, phase calibration or phase control (also referred to as phaselocking) has been proposed in research. For instance, some systems mayemploy some type of phase control that aligns the phase of each of thebeams in individual fibers to provide a coherent beam.

Typically, the phase of each beam in each fiber may be adjusted in orderto phase-lock each beam to a common reference beam. Known coherent fiberarray lasers are generally continuous-wave (CW) lasers where each of theindividual fiber beams is on for a period of time that is long enough tomeasure the phase of the fiber beams, and to adjust the phase of eachbeam to phase-lock to the reference beam.

In an article by Yu et al., “Coherent beam combining of large number ofPM fibres in 2-D fibre array,” Electronic Letters, Aug. 31, 2006, Vol.42, No. 18, pp 1024-1025, phase control of a fiber array using a CCDcamera and a tilted reference beam was noted as having been demonstratedin research. However, the technique of Yu et al. is hampered by therefresh rate of the camera, lower phase precision and difficultyinducing different relative phases on each channel.

In addition to the limitations of the background art discussed above,new techniques to lock the phase of each of the channel's opticalcarrier may be helpful or desirable. In particular, phase locking ofeach of the channel optical carrier may be useful to preserve thedetected millimeter-wave phase and allow for the recreation of themillimeter-wave image.

SUMMARY OF THE EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

The system and method of embodiments of the invention enable thecreation of millimeter-wave distributed aperture imaging systems usingoptical up-conversion. The system and method is a less expensiveapproach to other imaging systems, such that less equipment is requiredin a hostile environment and the use of expensive environmental controlequipment is limited. Embodiments of the present invention may provide asystem and a method that overcomes the aforementioned limitations andfills the aforementioned needs by providing a system and/or method tolock the relative phase of multiple coherent optical signals.Embodiments of the invention provide a means to compensate for opticalphase changes induced by vibration or thermal changes in theenvironment.

These, and other, embodiments and objects of the present invention willbe better appreciated and understood when considered in conjunction withthe following description and the accompanying drawings. It should beunderstood, however, that the following description, while indicatingpreferred embodiments of the present invention and numerous specificdetails thereof, is given by way of illustration and not of limitation.Many changes and modifications may be made within the scope of thepresent invention without departing from the spirit thereof, and theinvention includes all such modifications.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The objects, features and advantages of the present invention will beapparent from the following detailed descriptions of the preferredaspect of the invention in conjunction with reference to the followingdrawings, where:

FIG. 1 is a graph of spectral bands in the millimeter-wave field, inwhich atmospheric absorption is shown as relatively low;

FIG. 2 is comparative illustration of a standard focal plane array andthe distributed aperture array used in the distributed aperture imagingapproach in an embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 3 is an exemplary diagram of an embodiment of a method of theinvention illustrating a plurality of elements configured as twoconcentric hexagonal rings that may be used to create a distributedaperture;

FIG. 4 is an exemplary photograph of another embodiment of a method ofthe invention showing various components of the system in thelaboratory;

FIG. 5 is an exemplary flow diagram of an embodiment of a method of theinvention showing how an optical source may be split into multipleoptical fibers denoted as a reference channel and multiple carriers; and

FIG. 6 is an exemplary flow diagram of another embodiment of a method ofthe invention showing a phase locking method that involves collimatingthe optical signal out of each of the optical fibers.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

The present invention and the various features and advantageous detailsthereof are explained more fully with reference to the non-limitingembodiments that are illustrated in the accompanying drawings anddetailed in the following description.

Optical Up-Conversion

In the invention, several challenges and limitations of other imagingsystems are circumvented with an alternate approach to distributedaperture imaging (DAI) based on optical up-conversion techniques. Unlikethe common heterodyne down conversion techniques used in radiometers,one non-limiting approach described herein is the use of anelectro-optic modulation technique to convert received millimeter-waveradiation into sidebands on an optical carrier. Such a techniquemaintains the benefits of distributed aperture approaches, described inexemplary embodiments of the invention below, while providing manypotential advantages over digital heterodyne correlation imaging.Moreover, optical up-conversion allows for the use of lightweight,flexible fiber optics for the routing of optical energy both before andafter millimeter-wave encoding, thereby eliminating the need for bulkyLO distribution cables. Also, optical processing techniques may be usedto provide real-time correlation engines using simple optical lenses andcameras.

In the optical up-conversion process, which may be based on commercialelectro-optic modulators, modulators may operate, in a similar fashionto heterodyne mixers, by shifting the millimeter-wave radiation toanother frequency. This shifting, eases processing while preserving bothamplitude and phase information of the captured signal. To verify thetransfer of the complex millimeter-wave field to the optical domain, thecomponents of the optical modulation process must first be understood.

Electro-optic modulation converts energy into the sidebands by imposinga phase change, Δø, to the optical field proportional to the appliedmillimeter-wave field described by Equation (1), as follows:

Δø=mE _(m) cos(ω_(m) t+ø _(m)),   (1)

where m is a modulation constant dependent on the properties of themodulator and the efficiency of the collection antenna, and E_(m),ω_(m), and ø_(m) are the strength, frequency, and phase of the incidentmillimeter-wave field, respectively. Thus, the output field E_(o,) ofthe electro-optic modulator may be described in Equation (2), asfollows:

E _(o,) =E _(opt) e ^(jω) ^(opt) ^(t+j(Δø+ø) ^(opt) ⁾ =E _(opt) e ^(jω)^(opt) ^(t+jmE) ^(m) ^(cos(ω) ^(mt) ^(+ø) ^(m) ⁾,   (2)

where E_(opt)exp(jω_(opt)t+ø_(opt)) describes the optical field incidenton the modulator. Using Fourier expansion techniques and assuming asmall imposed millimeter-wave field, the field strength of the imposedfirst-order sideband may be shown as:

$\begin{matrix}{{E_{o,{FSB}} = {\frac{j\; {mE}_{opt}}{2}\left( {E_{m}^{{{j\omega}_{opt}t} + {j{({{\Delta \; ø} + Ø_{opt}})}}}} \right)}},} & (3)\end{matrix}$

The above Equation (3) can be interpreted as the initial complexmillimeter-wave field scaled in amplitude by a factor mE_(opt)/2 and inwavelength by a factor (ω_(opt)+ω_(m))/ω_(m). In addition, a phasecomponent, due to the optical path length, is included. Wavelengthscaling allows smaller components, such as fiber optic waveguides, toreplace bulky coaxial or metallic waveguides. The amplitude scaling, forreasonable optical powers, can be close to unity and low-noise photodetectors enable the detection of low power millimeter-wave signals.

Spectral bands in the millimeter-wave field, in which atmosphericabsorption is relatively low, are shown in the graph of FIG. 1. Thegraph provides a plot of naturally emitted “black body” radiation for anobject at 6000K, 300K (terrestrial), and 77K (cold sky), and how muchenergy passes through 1 km of fog. The visible, infrared, and THzwavelengths are attenuated significantly more than millimeter-waves.

DAI Using Optical Up-Conversion

In further exemplary embodiments, a useful application of opticalup-conversion to millimeter-wave images comes from the benefits that canbe obtained in DAI techniques. The DAI approach may be used over astandard FPA. In particular, a FPA may use a lens, larger volume, and anexpensive millimeter-wave detector for each pixel, as shown in theillustration in FIG. 2. However, the advantages of a DAI may includeincreased resolution without a lens and the volumetric scaling of sizeand weight; field amplitude and phase may be captured at discretepoints; enabling a flat or conformal, high resolution imaging system;and a lower number of millimeter wave components needed in the imagingsystem.

Optical processing of the distributed aperture data has beendemonstrated in the seminal work by Blanchard et al. at microwavefrequencies and extended to a 1-D system in the millimeter-wave regime.This technique relies on using the spatial Fourier transform propertiesof an optical lens to perform the numerous correlations required toregenerate the image from the sampled n-v plane. In fact, digitalcorrelation algorithms are essentially methods for performing discretespatial Fourier transforms and require increasingly numerouscorrelations (˜n²/2 for n nodes) as the number of antenna nodes grows.Using the smaller optical wavelengths, Fourier transform operations maybe carried out using a simple small optical lens and a photodetectorarray. Thus, the sampled image is generated in real time without the useof complicated correlation engines.

Conceptually, this approach may be interpreted as a technique for:

-   -   (1) Discretely sampling the complex amplitude of the        millimeter-wave signal;    -   (2) Converting the captured complex amplitude to optical        wavelengths;    -   (3) Routing up-converted signals to a central processor fiber        array that mimics the millimeter-wave array format;    -   (4) Performing a continuous spatial Fourier transform of the        discretely sampled aperture using simple optics at shorter        wavelengths where the diffraction limit does not inhibit        resolution; and    -   (5) Capturing regenerated imagery in real time using a standard        optical detector array.

The optically based image reconstruction requires that the position ofthe fiber arrays directly map in a scaled fashion to the position of themillimeter-wave antennas (otherwise know as homothetic mapping). Thismeans that the optical fibers outputs must be precisely positioned tomatch that of the antenna array, thereby necessitating the ability toprecisely and arbitrarily place fibers in an array that matches theoptimal antenna array. An added complication is the requirement that theoptical fibers all launch a common optical polarization, which maynecessitate the use of polarization maintaining fibers aligned to acommon launch axis. To case the fabrication of the fiber optic array, ahexagonally packed array with a 250 μm pitch may be used. This alsoenables the use of a commercially available lens array. One example of aconfiguration that may ease fabrication of the fiber optic array is ahexagonally packed array, e.g. one having a 250 μm pitch; however, theinvention is not thus limited. A hexagonally packed fixture that mapsthe hexagonally packed fiber array and an assembly that includes thehorn antenna, waveguide to coax converter and electro-optic modulatormay be created that enables the reconfiguration of the RF receivers inthe array.

Phase Control System and Method

In addition to the invention DAI approach using optical up-conversion,exemplary embodiments provide for the creation of a high power, narrowbeam-width (i.e., diffraction limited) optical signal by combiningmultiple high power optical signals and controlling the phase on eachchannel, as described in detail below. By precisely controlling thephase across a 2-D array, the signal can be scanned or steered. Thus,embodiments of the invention are relevant to defense, communication, andmedical applications.

FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of the system of theinvention that illustrates how interference between reference beam 301and optical carriers 302 may create a signal at the detector array 305that can be used to control the relative phase of each channel. As shownin the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 3, a plurality of elements, e.g.,thirty (30) elements, may be configured as two concentric hexagonalrings that may be used to create a distributed aperture. The opticalpaths 303 a, 303 b, 303 c represent millimeter-wave induced opticalsidebands that may be passed through the dense wavelength divisionmultiplexing (DWDM) filter 307 to create the reconstructed image 309.The interference pattern for phase locking is shown as 311.

DWDM, as commonly understood, is a technology that puts data fromdifferent sources together on an optical fiber, with each signal carriedat the same time on its own separate light wavelength. DWDM is a form ofwave length division multiplexing (WDM); however, since WDM isincreasingly more “dense” all the time, both terms are may be usedsynonymously. Using DWDM, up to 80 (and theoretically more) separatewavelengths or channels of data can be multiplexed into a lightstreamtransmitted on a single optical fiber.

FIG. 4 is a photograph of an exemplary embodiment of the system of theinvention in the laboratory. As shown in FIG. 4, incoming fiber arraysources and reference beam are to the left, imaging camera to the right,and polarizing beam splitter, quarter (¼) wave plate, and DWDM filterare in the middle. The reference beam is combined with each opticalchannel with the beam splitter in the center of the photo and thedetector array is mounted on the printed circuit board at the top of thephoto. The polarizing beam splitter, beam splitter, fiber array sources,and ¼ wave plate are illustrated as 304, 306, 308, and 310 in FIG. 3.

In other exemplary embodiments, the system for controlling the phase ofoptical carriers may comprise: a first lenslet array configured toreceive a plurality of optical sources; a polarizing beam splitterconfigured to split the plurality of optical sources from the lensletarray; a beam splitter configured to receive a first polarized output ofthe plurality of optical sources output from the polarizing beamsplitter and a reference beam; a detector array with an interferencepattern for phase locking configured to receive outputs from the beamsplitter; a ¼ wave plate configured to receive a second polarized outputof the plurality of optical sources output from the polarizing beamsplitter; a DWDM filter configured to receive outputs from the ¼ waveplate; and a further lens or lenslet array configured to receive outputsfrom the DWDM filter and output a reconstructed image.

Additional exemplary embodiments of the invention provide a novel methodfor phase locking multiple coherent optical signals. The method maycomprise: splitting an optical sources into a plurality of opticalfibers, wherein a first split of the optical sources are a referencechannel and a second split of the optical sources are a multiplecarriers; distributing each of the carrier signals to a millimeter-wavedetector array configured as a sparse aperture configuration;recombining optically up-converted signals in a scaled version of themillimeter-wave detector array; filtering one of the millimeter-waveside bands filtered from each optical source; and recombining theresulting signals to produce an optical version of the millimeter-wavescene onto a camera.

FIG. 5 is an exemplary flow diagram of an embodiment of a method of theinvention. In block 501 of FIG. 5, an optical source may be split intomultiple optical fibers denoted as a reference channel and multiplecarriers. Each of the carrier signals may be distributed to amillimeter-wave (30 GHz to 300 GHz) detector configured in a sparseaperture configuration in block 502.

Generally, it should be understood that in telecommunications systemsutilizing carrier signals, frequencies below 1 GHz are considered radiofrequencies, frequencies from 1 GHz to 30 GHz are considered microwaves,and frequencies from 30 GHz to 300 GHz are considered millimeter-waves.In the invention, the imaging system can detect passively emittedsignals in the 10 mm (30 GHz) to 3 mm (100 GHz) spectrum.

Block 503 shows recombining the optically up-converted signals in ascaled version of the detector array. One of the millimeter-wave sidebands may be filtered from each fiber in block 504. In block 505, theresulting signals may be recombined to produce an infrared (optical)version of the millimeter-wave scene onto a camera.

In embodiments of the invention, for up-conversion of themillimeter-wave signal to an optical signal, an electro-opticalmodulator may modulate either an individual one of the two dual opticalsignal or (alternatively) modulate a combination of the two dual opticalsignals. In the former case, the modulator may be either an intensitymodulator or a phase modulator while in the latter case the modulatormay generally be an intensity modulator. A baseband signal (i.e., onecontaining information or data) may be applied to a control input of themodulator.

Other exemplary embodiments of the invention include a method for phaselocking optical signals, which may comprise: collimating the opticalsignal output from a plurality of optical fibers; passing the opticalsignal out of each optical fiber and through a polarizing beam splitterfollowed by a quarter wave plate, wherein the quarter wave plate rotatesthe polarization of the optical signals and the filter is substantiallya DWDM filter; passing the polarized and rotated optical signals througha narrow band optical band-pass filter centered on at least one of anupper or lower millimeter-wave side band wavelength; passing at leastone of the optically up-converted millimeter-wave signal sidebandsthrough a filter and creating an image on a camera; passing an othersideband, reflected back through the quarter wave plate, rotated inpolarization again, and redirected off axis by the polarization beamsplitter; expanding and overlaying a reference beam with optical carriersignals using a beam splitter; reading interference between thereference beam and each of the optical carrier signals with amillimeter-wave detector array; wherein the two coherent beams are mixedand a relative phase is converted into an amplitude in eachmillimeter-wave detector array; and adjusting phase of each of themillimeter-wave detectors to maintain a fixed signal amplitude, orphase, on each of the channels is provided by using electrical phasecontrol feedback.

FIG. 6 provides an exemplary flow diagram of the above method of theinvention. In particular, FIG. 6 discloses an exemplary phase lockingmethod that involves collimating the optical signal out of each of theoptical fibers in block 601. Block 602 shows passing the optical signalout of each optical fiber and through a polarizing beam splitterfollowed by a quarter wave plate, wherein the quarter wave plate maythen rotate the polarization of the optical signals; the filter may besimilar to a DWDM filter used in telecommunication systems. Passing thepolarized and rotated optical signals through a narrow band opticalbandpass filter centered on either the upper or lower millimeter-waveside band wavelength may occur in block 603. Block 604 shows passing oneof the optically up-converted millimeter-wave signal sidebands throughthe filter and creating an image on a camera. Passing the othersideband, reflected back through the quarter wave plate, rotated inpolarization again, and then redirected off axis by the polarizationbeam splitter may occur in block 605. Block 606 may involve expandingand overlaying the reference beam with the optical carrier signals usingbeam splitter. Reading the interference between the reference and eachof the carriers with a detector array may occur in block 607. In block608, the two coherent beams may be mixed, and the relative phase may beconverted into amplitude in each detector. Adjusting the phase of eachof the millimeter-wave detectors to maintain a fixed signal amplitude,or phase, on each of the channels may be performed by using electricalphase control feedback in block 609.

In the embodiments above, the electrical phase control feedback can beperformed by a field programmable gate array (FPGA) at kHz to hundredsof MHz rates allowing for the compensation of high frequency vibrationinduced phase noise. In addition, by phase modulating the referencesignal, it is possible to set a unique phase on each channel which canbe used to focus or beam steer the imaging array.

Moreover, a 2π phase shift ramp will generate sinusoidal interferencesignals on each channel. By determining when each channel's average (ACcoupled) signal changes sign (+ to − or − to +) relative to a referencesignal, the relative phase of each channel can be determined andadjusted. Further, the interference signal can also be digitized and thephase determined from the time of each transition as well.

In the above embodiments above, each of the millimeter-wave detectorsmay be an antenna and modulator to capture the desired signal andup-convert it onto the optical carrier. Moreover, each element of thesparse array may capture the phase and amplitude of the detectedmillimeter-wave signals, which may allow the sparse apertureconfiguration to achieve high resolution without the need for a largeoptical element and with many fewer detectors than in traditional FPAdetectors. Further, this may enable the distributed aperturemillimeter-wave imaging system to be lower in volume, weight, and cost.In particular, with distributed aperture imaging, as described above,one may create a large imaging aperture by combining the light from aseries of distributed telescopes. By so doing, one can construct afine-resolution imaging system with reduced volume.

The foregoing description illustrates and describes embodiments of theinvention. Additionally, the disclosure shows and describes only thepreferred embodiments of the invention, but as mentioned above, it is tobe understood that the invention is capable of use in various othercombinations, modifications, and environments and is capable of changesor modifications within the scope of the inventive concept as expressedherein, commensurate with the above teachings and/or skill or knowledgeof the relevant art. The embodiments described hereinabove are furtherintended to explain best modes known of practicing the invention and toenable others skilled in the art to utilize the invention in such orother embodiments and with the various modifications required by theparticular applications or uses of the invention. Accordingly, thedescription is not intended to limit the invention to the form orapplication disclosed herein. Also, it is intended that the appendedclaims be construed to include alternative embodiments.

1. A method comprising: splitting optical sources into a plurality ofoptical fibers, wherein one split of the optical sources is a referencechannel and the remaining splits of the optical sources are multipleoptical channels; phase modulating the reference channel; interferingthe optical channels with the reference channel; detecting aninterference output; and using the interference output to control phasesof the multiple optical channels.
 2. The method according to claim 1,where the optical channels are combined to form a common beam associatedwith the array
 3. The method according to claim 1, further comprisingmodulating or encoding one or more outputs of an array of detectorelements onto at least one of the optical channels.
 4. The methodaccording to claim 3, wherein phase modulating the reference channelcomprises setting at least one phase value of the reference channel tocause steering of a beam associated with the array.
 5. The methodaccording to claim 3, wherein phase modulating the reference channelcomprises setting at least one phase value of the reference channel tocause focusing a beam associated with the array.
 6. The method accordingto claim 3, wherein the detector elements are microwave ormillimeter-wave elements.
 7. The method according to claim 3, where thebeam associated with the array is used to recreate a representation ofthe energy captured by the detector elements.
 8. The method according toclaim 1, wherein using the interference output to control phasescomprises digitizing the interference output and determining at leastone phase based at least in part on transition times.